Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) are key signaling molecules required to activate the plant's innate immunity against abiotic stresses and biotrophic attackers. Stress-induced signaling and accumulation of SA and NO triggers extensive transcriptional reprogramming of defense-related genes, induced biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and anti-microbial compounds, thereby protecting/steering plant growth and immunity. Transcriptional regulation of SA and NO signaling are crucial for fine-tuning important cellular and metabolic functions, thus making plant defense impervious against many pathogens. The development of an impenetrable immune response is often associated with an unavoidable trade-off in the form of active suppression of plant growth and reproduction. Therefore, we highlighted recent advancements and research to unravel transcriptional regulation of SA and NO signaling essential for fulfilling their role as defense signaling molecules. We also emphasized comprehensive knowledge related to transcriptional reprogramming of SA and NO signaling important in strengthening plant growth-immunity trade-off. We also highlighted the progress on SA and NO signaling playing an indispensable role in stimulating plant-microbe interaction to modulate crucial plant functions.
Highlights
Changing environmental conditions are the major limiting factor for the growth, development, and productivity of agriculturally important crops significantly affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses
Yildiz et al (2021) confirmed that the mobile Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) signal induced by treating Arabidopsis thaliana plants with N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) stimulated Non-expresser PathogenesisRelated protein gene 1 (NPR1) mediated transcriptional reprogramming of Flavin-dependent Monooxygenase 1 (FMO1) and other downstream genes, systematically activating an immune response against pathogenic attack
Researchers have documented Salicylic acid (SA) receptors activated Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling to stimulate effectors triggered immunity via the non-canonical pathway (Liu L. et al, 2016). They further indicated that the canonical pathway was established upon SA accumulation sensed by NPR3 and NPR4, activating JA signaling by differentially regulating the expression of Jasmonate ZIM domain (JAZ) repressor proteins and Coronatine-insensitive-Isoleucine 1 (COI1)-mediated genes (Liu L. et al, 2016)
Summary
Changing environmental conditions are the major limiting factor for the growth, development, and productivity of agriculturally important crops significantly affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses (van Butselaar and Van den Ackerveken, 2020). One of the most intriguing features of abiotic stresses is the establishment and modulation of signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of diverse defense responses in plants These defense responses are activated by the complex interaction of transcriptional regulators, genes/proteins, and their cross-talk at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels (van Butselaar and Van den Ackerveken, 2020). The “sixth” phytohormone SA is a β-hydroxy phenolic acid widely produced in some prokaryotes and crop plants In plants, it acts as a chemical messenger capable of inflecting many immune responses like extensive transcriptional reprograming, restoring membrane damage, regulating secondary metabolism, and enzyme synthesis to combat stress cues (Zhang and Li, 2019).
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