Abstract
Safety is the most important aspect during design, construction and service time of any structure, especially for challenging projects like high-rise buildings and tunnels in urban areas. A high level design considering the soil-structure- interaction, based on a qualified soil investigation is required for a safe and optimised design. Due to the complexity of geotechnical constructions the safety assurance guaranteed by the 4-eye-principle is essential. The 4-eye-principle consists of an independent peer review by publicly certified experts combined with the observational method. The paper presents the fundamental aspects of safety assurance by the 4-eye-principle. The application is explained on several examples, as deep excavations, complex foundation systems for high-rise buildings and tunnel constructions in urban areas. The experiences made in the planning, design and construction phases are explained and for new inner urban projects recommendations are given.
Highlights
A safety design and construction of challenging projects in urban areas is based on the following main aspects: qualified experts for planning, design and construction; interaction between architects, structural engineers and geotechnical engineers; adequate soil investigation; design of deep foundation systems using the Finite-Element-Method (FEM) in combination with enhanced in-situ load tests for calibrating the soil parameters used in the numerical simulations; quality assurance by an independent peer review process and the observational method (4-eye-principle)
Due to the complexity of geotechnical constructions the safety assurance guaranteed by the 4-eye-principle is essential
The 4-eye-principle consists of an independent peer review by publicly certified experts combined with the observational method
Summary
A safety design and construction of challenging projects in urban areas is based on the following main aspects: • qualified experts for planning, design and construction; • interaction between architects, structural engineers and geotechnical engineers; • adequate soil investigation; • design of deep foundation systems using the Finite- Element-Method (FEM) in combination with enhanced in-situ load tests for calibrating the soil parameters used in the numerical simulations; • quality assurance by an independent peer review process and the observational method (4-eye-principle). These facts will be explained by large construction projects which are located in difficult soil and groundwater conditions.
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