Abstract
This paper investigates the hedging and safe-haven properties of Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) for emerging stock market (ESM) indices. The results show all hedging costs are increasing during the pandemic. When the study's hedging effectiveness is generally evaluated, BTC provides better protection against ESM indices than ETH. Moreover, during the pre–pandemic period, investors should create portfolios using an optimal weights-based strategy rather than a hedged portfolio-based strategy. Finally, while BTC and ETH have weak safe-haven properties against most ESM indices, only BTC have strong safe-haven properties against the Malaysia stock index during the pandemic period.
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