Abstract
This paper argues the presence of syncretistic Islam in Swat valley, Pakistan. The present Swati society, though dominantly Muslim, is the result of vital historical processes which is reflected in the rich cultural heritage of the valley. Some historical problems have not been well studied so far due to scare evidence. One such problem is the history of Vajrayānic/Tantric Buddhism of the area. Insufficient archaeological data and written record has made investigation obscure. However, intangible or folk heritage can provide ample evidence of Tantrism if properly examined and posited as historical evidence. This study explores this possibility with the help of a spell which, in turn, reveals the substratum religious landscape as it is found in Swat today. The argument is a persistent and coherent process of continuity and change in the socio-cultural landscape of Swat which attests to Buddhist and Tantric background of certain modern Islamic observances.
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