Sacculogenesis and sporogony of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) within the bryozoan host Fredericella sultana (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)

Abstract

Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is the myxozoan parasite responsible for proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonid fishes. This disease affects farmed species in North America and Western Europe where it results in significant economic losses for the rainbow trout industry. The parasite has two hosts in its life cycle, salmonid fish, and freshwater bryozoans. In this study, we describe the development of the parasite at the ultrastructural level within the bryozoan host Fredericella sultana. Single celled, presaccular stages form aggregates within the metacoel of this host which resolve into spore sacs. Within these sacs sporogenesis is initiated with the differentiation of presporogonic cells into sporogonic and valvogenic cells. These latter cells surround a sporogonic cell which subsequently divides to form a sporoplasmogenic cell and a capsulogenic cell. The capsulogenic cell divides further to form four cells each with a polar capsule, while the sporoplasmogenic cell divides resulting in four cells, two primary cells and two secondary cells. The secondary cells are engulfed by the primary cells resulting in a mature sporoplasm. It is hypothesized that autogamy occurs during the initial formation of the spore sac and that allogamy is also possible during this time.