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Abstract
Caffeine–a methylxanthine analogue of the purine bases adenine and guanine–is by far the most consumed neuro-stimulant, being the active principle of widely consumed beverages such as coffee, tea, hot chocolate, and cola. While the best-known action of caffeine is to prevent sleepiness by blocking the adenosine receptors, caffeine exerts a pleiotropic effect on cells, which lead to the activation or inhibition of various cell integrity pathways. The aim of this review is to present the main studies set to investigate the effects of caffeine on cells using the model eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, highlighting the caffeine synergy with external cell stressors, such as irradiation or exposure to various chemical hazards, including cigarette smoke or chemical carcinogens. The review also focuses on the importance of caffeine-related yeast phenotypes used to resolve molecular mechanisms involved in cell signaling through conserved pathways, such as target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, Pkc1-Mpk1 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, or Ras/cAMP protein kinase A (PKA) pathway.
Highlights
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the best-known chemical constituent of coffee and one of the most widely consumed and socially accepted natural stimulants
This paper provides an overview on the studies that used S. cerevisiae to unravel some potential influence on cells exposed to irradiation, caffeine interaction with target of rapamycin (TOR) and cell effects of caffeine on the eukaryotic cells, with a focus on caffeine transport in yeast cells, caffeine wall integrity pathways, and caffeine influence on the lifespan of the cells
In order to investigate if caffeine interferes with the TOR pathway, the transcriptomic responses induced by caffeine and rapamycin were compared [91,92], and it was observed that both compounds trigger down-regulation of the genes involved in transcription, protein synthesis, and ribosome assembly, at the same time activating gene expression in the Krebs cycle, the Gln3p/Gat1p-controlled nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR), and the Rtg1/3p-controlled retrograde pathway [13,91,92]
Summary
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the best-known chemical constituent of coffee and one of the most widely consumed and socially accepted natural stimulants. A model organism is used in scientific research using Saccharomyces cerevisiae asfor a model for the eukaryotic cell. Affects yeast cell growth and morphology, DNA repair mechanisms, intracellular calcium homeostasis, This progression paper provides an overview on the studies that used S. cerevisiae to unravel some potential and cell cycle effects of caffeine on the eukaryotic cells, with a focus on caffeine transport in yeast cells, caffeine. This paper provides an overview on the studies that used S. cerevisiae to unravel some potential influence on cells exposed to irradiation, caffeine interaction with target of rapamycin (TOR) and cell effects of caffeine on the eukaryotic cells, with a focus on caffeine transport in yeast cells, caffeine wall integrity pathways, and caffeine influence on the lifespan of the cells. Influence on cells exposed to irradiation, caffeine interaction with target of rapamycin (TOR) and cell wall integrity pathways, on the lifespan of the cells
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