Abstract
Violation of the proportional-hazards (PH) assumption may lead to an underestimation of treatment effects when conventional therapies are compared to immunotherapies. When the PH assumption was violated, several health technology assessments in the UK for drugs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) used complex indirect treatment comparison (ITC) models to demonstrate treatment benefits. The purpose of this review is to describe how such ITC methodologies have evolved over time in tandem with drug innovation, as well as to assess how well complex models were accepted by Evidence Review Groups (ERG).
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