Abstract
opium dross (OR 4.5; 95%CI 1.7-9.5) were significantly associated with ESCC risk. Only 2.4% and 3.3% of cancer patients and controls were regular alcohol drinkers, which did not show any association with ESCC risk. Conclusions: Tobacco and alcohol use are not major etiological factors for ESCC in northeastern Iran, similar to the findings in high-risk areas of China. However, eating opium or opium dross may be important for the development of ESCC in this area.
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