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Abstract
Without traditional statistical analyses, a great deal of biomedical knowledge would have not been possible. However, there are biological circumstances where enabling assumptions and presumptions of traditional statistics do not hold, such as in Complex Systems. Traditional statistical methods in these circumstances may give a false appearance of irreproducibility. The Large Number theorem (the stability of the Central Tendency with sufficient numbers of observation) depends on ergodicity, a notion of the homogeneityof the system so that sampling in one region is representative of any other region. Ergodicity often fails in complex systems operating far-from-thermodynamic equilibrium. Many complex biological systems self-organize and transition between multiple metastable states. Sampling at different metastable points in the same system can be seen as irreproducibility. Methods are needed to detect Complexity prior to statistical analyses just as tests of normalcy of data are done to select appropriate statistical methods.
Published Version
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