Abstract
We have formulated the statistical mechanics in terms of the $S$ matrix, which describes the scattering processes taking place in the thermodynamical system of interest. Such a formulation is necessary for studying the systems whose microscopic constituents behave according to the laws of relativistic quantum mechanics. Our result is a simple prescription for calculating the grand canonical potential of any gaseous system given the free-particle energies and $S$-matrix elements. When applied to a nonrelativistic gas, it gives a simple prescription for calculating all virial coefficients. Simplified relativistic gas models are considered as examples of application. A general form of the Levinson's Theorem for any number of particles follows immediately from our formalism. Its applications in statistical mechanics are briefly discussed.
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