Abstract
Vanadium is a nontrivial multi-valent metallic element, which has been increasingly used in modern society. The widespread application of vanadium promotes the rapid and sound development of the economy and society, simultaneously brings out increasingly prominent environmental problems, e.g., soil vanadium pollution. Therefore, the remediation problem of vanadium-contaminated soil has been received growing attention. Phytoremediation has become a significant constituent in vanadium-contaminated soil remediation attributable to its veritable merits such as cleanness, esthetics, cost-effectiveness, convenience, and sustainability. Phytoremediation is mainly dependent on hyperaccumulator plants, even though the actuality that the vast majority of hyperaccumulator plants are characterized by low biomass yield and slow-growing. Consequently, the intensity in screening the undiscovered hyperaccumulators should be strengthened. Meanwhile, it is imperative to further explore the vanadium accumulation and translocation characteristics of some non-hyperaccumulative but tolerant plants with moderate biomass to remediate the soil contaminated with vanadium. Taken together, further comprehensive researches of tolerance mechanisms of remedial plants against vanadium are quite necessary to decontaminate soils contaminated by vanadium efficiently.
Highlights
Vanadium, a gray metallic elementof centered cubic lattice[1], has been extensively utilized in multi-fields involving the iron and steel industry, pharmaceutical engineering, aviation, ceramics, and nuclear technology[2]
The release rate of global man-derived vanadium into the environment is accelerating, and vanadium is again concentrating in the environment[3]
Survey indicated that global vanadium production, mainly from mining, had more than doubled amongst the past two decades[4]
Summary
Of centered cubic lattice[1], has been extensively utilized in multi-fields involving the iron and steel industry, pharmaceutical engineering, aviation, ceramics, and nuclear technology[2]. Vanadium has been reviewed as a potentially detrimental pollutant parallel to mercury, lead, and arsenic[5,6,7]. High quantities of vanadium are noxious to both plants and animals and occasionally it endangers human health [8]. Human-derived influx, including the burning of fossil fuel, mining, iron-steel smelting, and dying, leads to excessive vanadium into the environment, which causes the vanadium pollution of soil[3,10]. The environmental pollution resulting from vanadium has become a concern worldwide and a significant problem involving environmental protection and economic benefits[11,12]. In view of the potential environmental and health problems caused by the increased amassing of vanadium in the
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