Abstract
Russian reduplicated constructions with colour terms have never previously been an object of a comprehensive corpus study. Nevertheless, they present considerable interest for a researcher because comparative ability of colour terms to be reduplicated reflects their semantic and pragmatic differences, whereas semantics and pragmatics of reduplication construction are revealed in the properties of colour terms that can fill its slots. Thus, the goal of the paper is to study semantic and pragmatic properties of Russian colour terms and Russian syntactic reduplication construction by analyzing their co-occurrence. We apply corpus methods to the data from the Russian National Corpus, RuTenTen Corpus on Sketch Engine and RuSkell corpus. We analyze absolute corpus frequencies and collocation patterns of Russian non-reduplicated colour terms, as well as their relative frequencies and collocation patterns in the construction of syntactic reduplication with a hyphen ( belyj-belyj ‘white-white, very white, spotlessly white’). Drawing on this data, we establish that absolute frequencies of non-reduplicated colour terms in Russian reflect both Anna Wierzbicka’s “universals of visual semantics”, as well as certain language and culture-specific tendencies, as evidenced by the prominence of goluboj ‘light blue’ and ryzhij ‘carroty-red’ in Russian. We also argue that the Russian reduplication construction with a hyphen ( belyj-belyj ‘white-white) is semantically and prosodically different from the construction of repetition with a comma ( belyj , belyj ‘white, white’). The former has the meaning of high degree, and thus attracts only gradable colour terms, such as belyj ‘white’, chernyj ‘black’, sinij ‘medium to dark blue’, and other basic colour terms. There are additional factors that influence colour term reduplication. Collocation patterns suggest that colour terms that co-occur with the names of culturally and cognitively salient objects, such as denotations of human appearance (face, hands, skin, eyes, hair) or landscape features (sea, sky, fire, grass) are more likely to be reduplicated. Moreover, aesthetic or emotional evaluation of such objects (‘blue-blue eyes’, ‘green-green grass’) is also a factor that is conducive to their occurrence in the construction of reduplication. Our findings establish the importance of corpus methods in the study of colour terms and reduplication, demonstrate that the use and interpretation of lexical and syntactic items hinges both on semantic and pragmatic factors, and add to the understanding of semantics and pragmatics of Russian colour terms and reduplication construction.
Highlights
Both reduplication and colour terms separately have received a lot of attention in linguistics
The issue appears to be of paramount interest: the ability of colour terms to be reduplicated reflects their semantic and pragmatic differences, whereas the semantics and pragmatics of the syntactic reduplication construction are revealed in the properties of colour terms that can fill its slots
Not all colour terms are possible with reduplication: while certain terms, such as fioletovyj ‘purple’, cannot be reduplicated, others, such as chernyj ‘black’, goluboj ‘light blue’, belyj ‘white’ are perfectly possible in this construction
Summary
Both reduplication and colour terms separately have received a lot of attention in linguistics. The paper aims, in particular, at the following: 1) to formulate the meaning of the Russian construction with syntactic reduplication; 2) to consider its semantic shifts in different instantiations; 3) to show how different colour terms interact with reduplication construction and why certain colour terms are “attracted” to it, while others are “repelled” (Stefanowitch, Gries 2003); 4) to analyze different possible interpretations of reduplication construction depending on the colour term that fills its slots As it turns out, the arguments derived from our study support the previous findings in the field. The “basicness” of any concept for a specific language, including colour terms, is evaluated based partly on its frequency (and salience) in a given language, and partly on the degree of its integration into the lexical and grammatical system of that language The latter is measured by the ability of a word to function as a “system-forming meaning”, or “a meaning which constitutes part of many linguistic items of different nature” (Apresjan 2006:52). Apart from its entrenchment in the semantic domain, we assume that the degree of a word’s integration into the system of a language is reflected in its ability to occur in different lexical and grammatical contexts, including constructions
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