Abstract
Obesity has become a significant problem for developing countries, including Indonesia. High duration of sedentary activity and high intake of unhealthy foods were associated with high risk of overweight and obesity. The objective of this study was to compare the distributions of sedentary activity and dietary behavior with overweight/obesity risks between urban and rural areas among children and adolescents aged 10–18 years in Indonesia. This is a cross-sectional study. Data from a national survey in 33 Indonesian provinces (Basic Health Research /Riskesdas 2013) were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) adjusted with all variables, such as age, gender, residency, education level, physical activity, and food intake. An urban–rural residence difference was found in the factors related to obesity. Daily caffeinated soft drinks and energy drinks consumption (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23) were related to risk of overweight and obesity in urban areas. Daily grilled foods (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.22–1.42) and salty food (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15) consumption were significantly associated with obesity in rural areas but not in urban areas. Furthermore, sedentary activity was correlated with overweight and obesity among those who lived in urban and rural areas. Our findings suggest that education, environmental, and policy interventions may need to specifically target urban settings, where access is high to a wide range of processed and traditional high-sugar, high-fat snack foods and beverages.
Highlights
Overweight and obesity among children and young adults have become emerging issues in every region of the world, including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1,2,3,4,5,6]
The current findings of the study identified the differences in overweight and obesity risk factors in rural and urban areas
Sedentary activity had a significant association with overweight and obesity in rural areas, and in urban areas
Summary
Overweight and obesity among children and young adults have become emerging issues in every region of the world, including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 28.8% and 2.3%–12.0%, respectively [4], similar to rates in higher-income countries [5]. In developing countries, the burden has doubled as obesity prevalence has risen alongside a persistent burden of undernutrition [1,8]. In Indonesia, overweight and obesity have become public health problems in parallel with undernutrition. The prevalence of adult overweight and obesity have increased from 8.6% and 10.5% in 2007 to 13.6% and 21.8% in 2018 [9], respectively
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