Rurality and outcomes in prostate cancer: role of socioeconomic status and educational attainment

Abstract

Abstract Background/Introduction Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (PC) have a higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence and mortality risk. Rurality have been associated with up to 33% higher CVD risk and 44% higher all-cause mortality risk in patients with PC. Purpose Analyze the impact of rurality (from both patient and provider perspectives) on the development of adverse outcomes after a PC diagnosis according to socioeconomic and educational status. Methods We included men aged ≥66 with a new primary PC diagnosis (defined as ICD-10 = C61) from 2009-2017 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database. The primary outcomes were CVD (comprising heart failure, atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, and ischemic stroke), PC-specific mortality (PCsm), cardiovascular disease mortality (CVDm), and all-cause mortality. Patients living in areas with a population of <2,500 or <20,000, not adjacent to a metropolitan area, were considered to have a positive rural status. The provider status (metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan) was defined according to the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics' Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties. Low socioeconomic status (SES) was defined according to Yost Index quintiles. Low educational status was defined according to percentiles of people >25 years old with less than a high school diploma. Multivariable Fine-Gray models, accounting for competing mortality/type of mortality, and Cox regression models were applied. Results We included 75,221 patients with PC (Picture 1), of which 1,828 were from rural areas and 362 were from rural areas with providers from non-metropolitan areas. Among patients from rural areas under the care of non-metropolitan providers, 82.6% had low SES (Yost Index ≤ 2). In this subgroup, patients from rural areas with non-metropolitan providers had 30% higher CVD risk (sHR 1.30; 95% CI 1.04-1.62) and 44% higher all-cause mortality risk (sHR 1.44; 95% CI 1.14-1.83; Picture 2) when compared to patients with low SES from urban or rural areas with providers from metropolitan areas. Additionally, within patients from rural areas with non-metropolitan providers, the median % of people with only high school diploma was 38.3 (IQR 36.2-40.9). Among those with low educational status (≤41% of high school county-rate), patients from rural areas with non-metropolitan providers had a 35% higher associated CVD risk (sHR 1.35; 95% CI 1.06-1.71), 54% higher associated CVDm risk (sHR 1.54; 95% CI 1.01-2.36), and a 32% higher associated all-cause mortality risk (sHR 1.32; 95% CI 1.04-1.66). Conclusion Patients with PC from rural areas with non-metropolitan providers have higher rates of low SES and low educational status and suffer from up to 54% higher associated risks of adverse outcomes, emphasizing the role of multiple domains of the Social Determinants of Health in health outcomes.