Rural–Urban Divide in Mental Health Care in India: Bridging the Gaps

Abstract

There are significant gaps in the distribution and utilization of mental health services between rural and urban areas in India. The rural–urban divide is prominently seen in livelihood opportunities and lifestyle, which is a matter of concern. Rural populations, constituting a large proportion in India and globally, exhibit distinct environmental profiles and lifestyle factors influencing mental health. Rural populations have unique choices regarding occupation, different social structures, expressions of illness, health belief systems, and help-seeking behavior. The treatment gap in rural regions stems from various factors, including inadequate investment in mental health, stigma, discrimination, low literacy levels, and poor motivation of mental health professionals for working in rural areas. The changes in social dynamics and family values further strain rural mental health care. India faces a considerable challenge in bridging the treatment gaps and providing mental health services that are accessible and acceptable in rural areas. The true implementation of the new Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 requires consideration of the ground realities of rural settings. While innovations and digital interventions show promise in bridging the inequalities in treatment settings, these need to be highly tailor-made keeping in view the local needs. Furthermore, integrating public mental health into general public health programs can alleviate the burden of mental disorders. It is imperative to recognize the positives in rural areas and establish effective links between urban and rural services which is crucial for providing comprehensive mental health care in these dynamic populations.