Abstract
The Portuguese proposal to CIAM X (Dubrovnik 1956) wasfocused on the issue of rural planning. A new village was established among a set of existing ones, working as a structural core. The vernacular influence was clearly present through the images of Trás-os-Montes (Survey on Portuguese Regional Architecture) used as a reference source for the new house typology. In addition to the vernacular, one can also identify modern references, in both Portugaland Spain, within the scope of internal colonization in the 20th century,regarding the settlement of the Portuguese agricultural colonies (1920smid1950s) and the pueblos in Spain (1940s-1971), which had significance for the contemporary countryside image. Considering “theevolutive house” of the Portuguese proposal in CIAM X, or the modularsolutions of the colonization settlements, one can find examples lyingbetween the trendy and those in rooted architectural culture. In this paper, we analysed the rural 20th century housing idea present in theinternal Iberian colonization settlements and in the ideological and political context under the dictatorial regimes. Using a comparative method, two case studies were examined in order to identify andabstract through cross-referencing main rural directions in the differentIberian contexts, and to frame common factors or different experiences,in the application of the planning schemes in both settlement and housing attributes.
Highlights
In 1956, the Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) faced a significant challenge
In line with the debate on rural planning, the CIAM’s Portuguese team shaped a plan for a rural community in the Northeast, “that fostered the relationship between modern language and the features of vernacular tradition of the region”.[2]
A novel community village was devised, functioning as a structural core connected to a set of other existing settlements, and as such contributing to maintain the inhabitants in their own environment and to improve their living conditions [3]
Summary
In the Iberian colonization, the house was a structuring mechanism in the general organization of the settlement. Positioned within a 2,5 km radius of influence, (the so-called modulo carro [cart module], which corresponded to the most convenient route between the dwelling and the associated land), the pueblos were “all identical in importance and without hierarchy levels4” [9: 464] Together, they formed a balanced web near the large areas of private cultivation, which itself would benefit from such an organization. The size of the land parcel varied between 5 ha and 25 ha, part of it being destined for reforestation These settlements represent an important stage in the process of Iberian colonization in general, and for architectural experimentation in particular. In Boalhosa (1946/1958), the last Portuguese colony, the type of settlement and the typology of the casal agrícola offered a singular solution remarkable among the other conventional schemes, testing new approaches that overcame less well-achieved proposals
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