Rupture of renal artery aneurysm during cesarean section: a case report

Abstract


 Introduction:
 Renal artery aneurysm (RAA) occurs to focal dilatation of artery secondary to weakness of the arterial intima and media. RAA is a rare clinical entity with an incidence of 0.01 – 1%.1
 Rupture RAA during pregnancy is extremely rare event. The obstetric and urologic literatures are deficient in this regard. Diagnosis of rupture RAA during pregnancy is very difficult i.e. no pathognomonic presentation. When rupture occurs during pregnancy the clinical presentation is confused with those more common conditions e.g. placenta abruption or rupture uterus. 
 Most of the cases are discovered incidentally, even it is only diagnosed after autopsy.
 Case presentation:
 A fifth cesarean section was done for 30 years oldwomen presented with placenta previa. She was gravida 6 para 5. Cesarean section was an elective one. She gave a live birth male weighing 2.4 kg. Hysterectomy was carried out after sever bleeding during operation. Ten units of blood were given in addition to other management steps. Urologists and general surgeon were consulted. The patient was dead. Exploration was done and revealed a rupture of left renal artery aneurysm. 
 Discussion:
 It was the 5th cesarean section for women. Literature documented that previous history of cesarean sections is the primary risk factor for developing placenta previa.1 Other risk factors are gestation with male fetuses and multiparity.3 The mentioned risk factors were characters of the reported case. It was stressed that multiple cesarean sections affect adversely the health of women.2 It was the 5thcesarean section. 
 RAA is an unusual diagnosis. Hemodynamic changes during pregnancy that is increased blood volume and cardiac output, raised intrabdominal pressure and hormonal alterations, affect the arterial wall and increased the risk of rupture RAA, more so in the 3rdtrimester.3 The reported case was gravida 6 which might enhanced the formation and rupture of RAA. It was reported that women with RAA and unusual number of women were multiparous.4
 Owing to the pregnancy state, RAA was missed as ​cesarean section was planned for delivery of acase of placenta previa. The final diagnosis made only after exploration. It is the same as mentioned in literature.5
 In this case, RAA was on the left side. Literature reported that RAA was often on the left side.4 Since 1970, published reports have not shown a left sided predominance of RAA.6
 There are no previous reports of diagnosis of the intact RAA during pregnancy. This report might be the first one in Iraqi literature of rupture of RAA during pregnancy. 
 Conclusion: The possibility of a ruptured RAA should be considered in pregnant women with evidence of retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Imaging facilities should be available in theater rooms to be used immediately.