Rupture of base pairing in double-stranded poly(riboadenylic acid)·poly(ribouridylic acid) by formaldehyde: medium chain lengths

Abstract

By assuming that the opening of hydrogen bonds due to thermal fluctuations is a very fast step and that the reaction of formaldehyde with the imino or amino group is a slow step, we have constructed a model for the unwinding process of poly(A-U) induced by formaldehyde. The denaturation equation derived from the model is essentially the same as that of the zipper model for moderately long chain lengths. The model predicts the following phenomena which are in agreement with our experimental findings. The rate of unwinding is approximately first order for unfractionated polynucleotides and zero order for fractionated samples. This means that formaldehyde ruptures helical residues sequentially starting from the ends and working toward the center. Our model further predicts that the denaturation rate is linearly dependent on -log[Na+] and pH at low ionic strength and is almost independent of [Na+] and pH at high ionic strength. Spectrophotometric measurements on poly(A-U) were done to confirm our theoretical findings.