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Abstract
RUNX transcription factors orchestrate many different aspects of biology, including basic cellular and developmental processes, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In this Primer, we introduce the molecular hallmarks of the three mammalian RUNX genes, RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3, and discuss the regulation of their activities and their mechanisms of action. We then review their crucial roles in the specification and maintenance of a wide array of tissues during embryonic development and adult homeostasis.
Highlights
The RUNX family of transcription factors orchestrate various developmental and cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and cell lineage specification
The RUNX genes were named after the discovery of the developmental regulatory gene runt, which was found to be essential for early embryonic segmentation after being identified in a mutagenesis screen for the development of Drosophila melanogaster (Gergen and Butler, 1988; NüssleinVolhard and Wieschaus, 1980)
The mammalian RUNX transcription factors consist of RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3
Summary
The RUNX family of transcription factors orchestrate various developmental and cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and cell lineage specification. The studies described above, as well as the strong structural homologies and potential auto- and cross-regulations, suggest that RUNX proteins could compensate for each other New technologies such as single cell RNA transcriptomics are likely to reveal further co-expression in defined cellular compartments, and the specific spatiotemporal expression patterns of the RUNX genes is thought to explain, at least partially, their non-redundant functions and requirements in several developmental processes (Levanon and Groner, 2004; Levanon et al, 2001). A certain degree of redundancy has been observed between Runx and Runx during chondrocyte development using single and double knockout mouse models (Yoshida, 2004), and partial redundancy has been reported during lacrimal gland development (Voronov et al, 2013) Taken together, these studies reveal possible compensation between the RUNX genes in defined contexts, they highlight their crucial and non-redundant functions that are partly, but not exclusively, associated with their intricate spatiotemporal regulation. We summarize below the main roles of RUNX in the hematopoietic system; for in-depth information, readers are directed to excellent recent reviews about the role of RUNX factors
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