Abstract
Abstract Terra-Rossa soils cover large areas in the mountainous regions of Israel. A representative area in the Carmel mountains was chosen to test the effect of slope, type of cultivation and stone cover on the quantities of surface runoff and erosion. Twelve terraces, each 3.5 m by 50 m, were constructed to test all combinations of 1%, 3% and 5% down slopes, and 5%, 9%, 12% and 17% cross slopes. A simulated rain storm was applied, which approximated the most hazardous 10-year storm in this region. The applied storm consisted of 86 mm of rain including 30 minutes of 76 mm/hr intensity. Average annual precipitation in the Carmel mountains is 500–700 mm. The range of runoff quantities obtained was 5 to 20 mm per storm, and the quantities of soil eroded ranged between 100 and 1,000 kg per hectare per storm (extreme values excluded). From the analysis of the results obtained during three seasons, it was found that for conditions similar to those prevailing in the study area: The maximum allowable down slope for areas with 15% or more stone cover may exceed 5%. The maximum allowable cross slope for such areas may exceed 15%. Shallow cultivation with an “Ard” (Arab) plough, is superior to cultivation methods leaving deep, fast draining furrows. Stone cover is a very effective means to reduce runoff and soil erosion.
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