Rubella: from etiology to prevention, a comprehensive overview with a focus on congenital rubella syndrome

Abstract

This review article aims to explore rubella, highlighting its historical evolution, clinical manifestations, and contemporary challenges in global health. The emphasis is on Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS), addressing its complexity, manifestations, and preventive strategies. Rubella, recognized as a viral entity in 1962, remains a global challenge despite vaccination efforts. The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 seeks to eliminate rubella in five of the six WHO regions by 2020. Although there has been a reduction in cases, underreporting underscores the need for enhanced surveillance. CRS, resulting from infection during pregnancy, presents clinical complexities ranging from permanent physical defects to transient manifestations such as thrombocytopenia. Vaccination, notably with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, plays a crucial role in preventing rubella and CRS. Despite progress, challenges persist, including the lack of adequate global vaccine coverage. Early diagnosis of rubella during pregnancy is crucial, with serological and molecular methods playing a central role. Preventive strategies during pregnancy are essential due to the severity of CRS complications. Brazil, like other regions, adopts preventive measures, emphasizing the importance of pre-pregnancy vaccination and clinical surveillance in cases of virus exposure. Current symptomatic treatment does not eliminate the infection, emphasizing the ongoing need for research into specific antiviral therapies. An interdisciplinary approach and coordinated efforts are imperative to address the challenges of rubella and CRS on a global scale.