Abstract
The discovery of an innovative class of inorganic polymers has brought forth a revolution in the history of construction technology. Now, no energy-intensive reactions at elevated temperatures are essential, as found in the case of contemporary cement production. In addition to their attributes of low energy and a mitigated carbon footprint, geopolymeric composites can incorporate diversely originated and profound wastes in their manufacturing. As of today, profoundly accessible landfills of rubber tyre waste negatively impact the environment, water, and soil, with many health hazards. Their nonbiodegradable complex chemical structure supports recycling, and toxic gases are emitted by burning them, leading to aesthetic issues. These, altogether, create great concern for well-thought-out disposal methods. One of the achievable solutions is processing this waste into alternative aggregates to thus generate increased economic value whilst reducing primary aggregate consumption through the incorporation of these vast automobile solid wastes in the manufacturing of geopolymer construction composites, e.g., binders, mortar, concrete, etc., produced through the process of geopolymerization as a replacement for natural aggregates, providing relief to the crisis of the degradation of restricted natural aggregate resources. Currently, tyre rubber is one of the most outstanding materials, extensively employed in scores of engineering applications. This manuscript presents a state-of-the-art review of value-added applications in the context of rubberized geopolymer building composites and a review of past investigations. More significantly, this paper reviews rubberized geopolymer composites for their value-added applications.
Highlights
Even though portland cement is an excellent and vital binder for construction composites, its present production process is highly energy-consuming [1] and, approximately one ton of CO2 is emitted in the production of each ton of portland cement [2,3]
As the best way to get rid of the profuse automobile solid rubber tyre waste is by reusing them in a recycled form with concrete, using recycled synthetic aggregates from the scrapped tyres to produce useful rubberized geopolymeric construction products appears to be a viable solution to use in place of natural ones
Confined studies have piloted the impact of incorporating crumb rubber with geopolymer concrete mixes despite the reality that it has a much-amplified consideration in structural exercises in the range of empirical explorations accomplished in the literature references
Summary
Even though portland cement is an excellent and vital binder for construction composites, its present production process is highly energy-consuming [1] and, approximately one ton of CO2 is emitted in the production of each ton of portland cement [2,3]. The report of the European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturers’ Association (ETRMA) [11] says that 1.4 billion tyres are produced each year in order to meet the exigencies of the industry worldwide, and the quantity of rubber tyre waste that is generated in European Union member states is, single-handedly, 3.5 million tonnes. Coal represents 25 to 30% of the total global energy production This is the core reason for the generation of roughly 800 million tonnes of fly ash by the power plants of the world; only 50% of it is being recycled [44]. This review manuscript aims to assess the impact of the incorporation of fly ash and rubber tyre waste to produce a geopolymer composite product, as well as their synergetic applications as cost-effective raw materials and artificial aggregates, respectively. The current state-of-the-art knowledge of rubberized geopolymer composites delves into fresh and hardened-state characteristics, classification, composition of rubber tyres, mix design, and its value-added applications as a partial substitute for natural aggregates; the mechanical strength, durability, etc., has been comprehensively reviewed
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