Abstract
Hydrogenation of levulinic acid and its esters to produce γ-valerolactone (GVL) was demonstrated over ruthenium nanoparticle (NP) catalyst supported on Zr-containing spherical mesoporous silicas as a bifunctional catalyst. The Ru NPs were found to be uniformly dispersed within the periodically ordered short mesopore channels with an average size of less than 1.5nm without any agglomeration. They exhibited superior activity for the hydrogenation of both levulinic acid and its esters under mild reaction conditions (70°C, 0.5MPa H2) compared to those supported on the conventional silica owing to their ultrasmall particle size and the acidity of Zr sites. In the hydrogenation of levulinate ester, addition of heterogeneous acids could afford a faster reaction rate in GVL production by accelerating the following intramolecular dealcoholation step. The catalyst was reusable over repeated catalytic cycles without a significant loss of catalytic performance, demonstrating its potential as a heterogeneous catalyst for GVL production under ambient reaction conditions.
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