Abstract
Rowanberries (Sorbus aucuparia) are omnipresent in Europe. The medicinal importance of rowanberries is widely known and corresponds to the active ingredients present in the fruits, mainly polyphenols, carotenoids, and organic acids. In the current study, we explored rowanberries for the reduction of gold and silver salts into nanoparticles. Rowanberries-mediated gold nanoparticles (RB-AuNPs) formed within 5 s at room temperature, and silver nanoparticles (RB-AgNPs) formed in 20 min at 90 °C. The produced nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The characterization confirmed that the nanoparticles are highly monodisperse, spherical, stable over long periods, and exhibit a high negative zeta potential values. The produced RB-AuNPs and RB-AgNPs were 90–100 nm and 20–30 nm in size with a thick biological corona layer surrounding them, providing extreme stability but lowering the antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobials study of RB-AgNPs revealed that the nanoparticles have antimicrobial potential with an MBC value of 100 µg/mL against P. aeruginosa and 200 µg/mL against E. coli.
Highlights
Among all the developed methodologies for nanoparticles production, the green methodologies are considered facile, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and economical
For RB-AuNPs, the color changed to dark purple, and for RB-AgNPs, the color changed to brown from the whiteish color of rowanberries extract
In the case of RB-AgNPs, we propose that this big difference corresponded to the capping layer surrounding the nanoparticles, which contributed to the dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement but is likely to avoid detection in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) due to high voltage
Summary
Among all the developed methodologies for nanoparticles production, the green methodologies are considered facile, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and economical. Various green resources are available for this task, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, plants parts (roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits) This implies that the green resources contain numerous biological components, such as metabolites, sugars, proteins, polysaccharides, amino acids, which play an important role in reducing and stabilizing nanoparticles [1,2]. The physio-chemical approaches are cost demanding, slow, produce hazardous byproducts, and most importantly, add toxic components on nanoparticle’s surfaces, limiting their medicinal applications. This motivates the discovery of novel green and efficient techniques for nanoparticles production [3]. This biological corona later helps to improve the efficacy of nanoparticles in various medical applications or provides long-term stability, sometimes both [4]
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