Abstract
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks have attracted much attention due to various applications. However, routing voids lead performance degradation of UASNs in terms of network connectivity and packet delivery ratio. In this paper, we propose a Routing Void Prediction and Repairing (RVPR) algorithm in AUV-assisted UASNs, which utilizes AUVs to carry sensor nodes to repair the routing voids when foreseeing the occurrence of voids. First, the repair position is calculated based on Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm by maximizing the connectivity of the void area and minimizing the AUV moving distance. Then, the routing void prediction based on Markov chain model is proposed to ensure that the AUVs come to the repair task before the voids have already formed. Next, we design a task selecting rule to let the AUVs choose the most important and urgent repair task. Lastly, RVPR applies an energy-efficient interaction mechanism among nodes and AUVs, which guarantees reliable operation of the algorithm. In the simulation, the RVPR algorithm is applied in several different types of routing protocols (HHVBF, QELAR, EAVARP). The simulation results show that RVPR algorithm improves the protocol performances in terms of the packet delivery ratio and the link connection. More specifically, when there are 100 nodes deployed in the network, the packet delivery ratio of HHVBF, EAVAPR and QELAR employing RVPR are increased by 29.4%,79% and 65% respectively.
Highlights
Three quarters of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans, which contain 97 per cent of the Earth’s water
When the node number is 100, the packet delivery ratio (PDR) of HHVBF, EAVAPR and QELAR employing Routing Void Prediction and Repairing (RVPR) are increased by 29.4%,79% and 65% respectively
In this paper, a prediction and repairing of routing voids algorithm over Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)-assisted Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is proposed, which provides an effective way to deal with routing voids because of node exhaustion
Summary
Three quarters of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans, which contain 97 per cent of the Earth’s water. In UASNs, since nodes are usually sparsely deployed, the damage caused by routing voids is more obvious than that in the traditional wireless sensor networks. Reference [10] proposes a new underwater routing scheme named AUV-aided underwater routing protocol (AURP). It uses multiple AUVs as relay nodes from gateway nodes to sinks, which achieves a high delivery ratio and low energy consumption. Motived by AUV’s load separation technology, we introduce AUVs to carry and deploy nodes to repair the routing voids. In addition to daily work, the AUV can dynamically repair routing voids in UASNs to increase the network performance. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: in Section II, the existing void repairing algorithms and protocols for UASNs are studied.
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