Abstract
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a self-organizing wireless network that enables inexpensive, flexible, and easy-to-deploy flying nodes, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), to communicate among themselves in the absence of fixed network infrastructure. FANET is one of the emerging networks that has an extensive range of next-generation applications. Hence, FANET plays a significant role in achieving application-based goals. Routing enables the flying nodes to collaborate and coordinate among themselves and to establish routes to radio access infrastructure, particularly FANET base station (BS). With a longer route lifetime, the effects of link disconnections and network partitions reduce. Routing must cater to two main characteristics of FANETs that reduce the route lifetime. Firstly, the collaboration nature requires the flying nodes to exchange messages and to coordinate among themselves, causing high energy consumption. Secondly, the mobility pattern of the flying nodes is highly dynamic in a three-dimensional space and they may be spaced far apart, causing link disconnection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the limited research work of routing schemes in FANETs. Different aspects, including objectives, challenges, routing metrics, characteristics, and performance measures, are covered. Furthermore, we present open issues.
Highlights
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a branch of networking that provides communication among flying nodes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), with base station (BS) [1]
It provides motivation for the topic, answering questions such as: “How do FANETs differ from other kinds of ad hoc networks?”, “What are the roles of FANETs?”, “What are the requirements of routing in FANETs?”, “What are the mobility models in FANETs?”, and “What are the roles of artificial intelligence in FANETs?”
Mobility models of FANETs is different in terms of the capabilities of devices (e.g., UAVs move in the three-dimensional space, while nodes and vehicles in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) move in a two-dimensional space) and the operating environment
Summary
Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is a branch of networking that provides communication among flying nodes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), with base station (BS) [1]. The flying nodes, which are generally equipped with batteries that provide limited energy, have high energy consumption [10]. This means that frequent disconnections cannot be addressed by increasing the transmission power to provide long-range communication in FANETs. establishing long-term, reliable, and robust connections and routes is essential to increase route lifetime and to improve quality of service (QoS) (e.g., low latency and route setup time), yet it is challenging in FANETs. the flying nodes naturally have a) a large coverage and b) minimal effects of obstacles (e.g., buildings and trees) and bad weather due to its elevated look angle [7]. In Reference [27], the secrecy outage probability and the average secrecy capacity of a multi-UAV swarm are derived in order to prevent eavesdropping
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