Abstract
While many zooplankton species recover quickly after the treatment of water resources with the piscicide, rotenone, some fail to reach pretreatment population density or, in rare cases, do not reappear at all. The variable impact of rotenone on zooplankton populations could stem from differences in the capacity of species to switch entirely to anaerobic catabolic pathways in the presence of rotenone, which blocks mitochondrial electron transport. Alternatively, variable responses among species could originate from differences in permeability of dormant life-stages to lipophilic chemicals like rotenone. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of rotenone on development, emergence and hatching of zooplankton embryos that lack both the anaerobic capacity to develop in the presence of rotenone and a permeability barrier to prevent the entry of rotenone during dormancy. Post-diapause embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, were employed as a model system, because they are permeable to lipophilic compounds when dechorionated and require aerobic conditions to support development. Early development in this species is also well characterized in the literature. Brine shrimp embryos were exposed to rotenone while development was either slowed by chilling or suspended by anoxia. Development, emergence and hatching were then observed in rotenone-free artificial seawater. The data presented demonstrate that rotenone freely diffuses across the embryonic cuticle in a matter of hours, and prevents development and emergence after brief exposures to ecologically relevant concentrations (0.025–0.5 mg L-1) of the piscicide. Neither the removal of rotenone from the environment, nor the removal of embryonic water with a hypertonic solution, are sufficient to reverse this block on development and emergence. These data indicate that rotenone could impair recruitment from egg banks for species of zooplankton that lack both an embryonic barrier to the entry of lipophilic compounds and the anaerobic capacity to develop when NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity is inhibited by rotenone.
Highlights
Rotenone is a piscicide that is commonly applied in the management of freshwater [1, 2] and coastal marine [3,4,5,6,7,8] habitats, but the full impact of this important chemical tool on aquatic ecosystems remains unclear after almost 80 years of use [9]
When embryos were preincubated on crushed ice for 24 h under aerobic conditions with 0.5 μg ml-1 rotenone prior to hatching tests, the number of embryos that failed to initiate emergence increased 16 fold relative to the control (Fig 1; p = 0.0013) and the number of individuals that hatched as larvae decreased by 86±1% relative to the control (Fig 1; p = 0.0036)
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of rotenone on development, emergence and hatching in crustacean zooplankton when temporary exposure occurs during a preceding bout of embryonic dormancy
Summary
Rotenone is a piscicide that is commonly applied in the management of freshwater [1, 2] and coastal marine [3,4,5,6,7,8] habitats, but the full impact of this important chemical tool on aquatic ecosystems remains unclear after almost 80 years of use [9]. This is especially true for zooplankton communities. The failure of some species to recover while others rapidly return after rotenone treatment could be explained by variation in susceptibility of the egg bank
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