Rotator drift: A sign of upper motor neuron leg weakness

Abstract

ObjectiveThere are techniques for eliciting subtle arm weakness (pronator drift), but the accompanying abnormal reflex response (Hoffmann’s sign) is of limited value; conversely, in the leg there are no techniques for eliciting subtle weakness equivalent to pronator drift, but there is a robust abnormal reflex response (Babinski’s sign). Thus, there is a need to devise a simple and rapid technique for detecting leg weakness capable of being used in either cooperative or comatose patients. Patients and methodsUsing three patient groups (discovery set, training set, test set) a technique for detecting upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion leg weakness was devised. ResultsWith the patient supine, the examiner grasps both big toes, pointing them towards the ceiling with the long axis of the foot perpendicular to the bed; the patient is asked to maintain this position for 30 s. People with pyramidal tract weakness show external rotator drift on their weak side: on the normal side the foot is deviated 20−25⁰ from the perpendicular, on the paretic side the foot is deviated more than 30°. ConclusionThis rotator drift sign is a simple method for detecting subtle UMN leg weakness. When combined with the pronator drift sign, these two signs constitute “pyramidal drift” signs for the bedside detection of UMN hemiparetic weakness.