Abstract
Rotation of galaxies is examined by the general principle of least action. This law of nature describes a system in its surroundings, here specifically a galaxy in the surrounding Universe. According to this holistic theory the gravitational potential due to all matter in the expanding Universe relates to the universal curvature which, in turn, manifests itself as the universal acceleration. Then the orbital velocities from the central bulge to distant perimeters are understood to balance both the galactic and universal acceleration. Since the galactic acceleration decreases with distance from the galaxy’s center to its luminous edge, the orbital velocities of ever more distant stars and gas clouds tend toward a value that tallies the universal acceleration. This tiny term has been acknowledged earlier by including it as a parameter in the modified gravitational law, but here the tiny acceleration is understood to result from the gravitational potential that spans across the expanding Universe. This resolution of the galaxy rotation problem is compared with observations and contrasted with models of dark matter. Also, other astronomical observations that have been interpreted as evidence for dark matter are discussed in light of the least-action principle.
Highlights
Today dark matter is mostly held responsible for the rotation of galaxies—yet no dark matter has been found
Other astronomical observations that have been interpreted as evidence for dark matter are discussed in light of the least-action principle
We will proceed to show that the rotation of galaxies can be understood without dark matter when gravitation is considered as a force field as Feynman proposed [31]
Summary
Today dark matter is mostly held responsible for the rotation of galaxies—yet no dark matter has been found. These universal characteristics of galaxies may at first appear all irrelevant to the rotation problem, the ubiquitous scale-free patterns [21] do not emerge from system-specific features but follow from least-time free energy consumption [22] For these reasons we are not convinced that there is inevitably something so special about galaxies that their rotation would have to be accounted for by a substance as unknown as dark matter. We recognize that the cosmic microwave background anisotropy power spectrum with acoustic peaks has been interpreted for portions of baryonic and dark matter [25], but note that this conclusion is a model-dependent interpretation of data It is the rotation of galaxies where the dark matter conjecture is best and most directly examined from a large sample of well-observed galaxies in the nearby universe. It is the theory which decides what can be observed”
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