Abstract
Climate change-induced abiotic stress results in crop yield and production losses. These stresses result in changes at the physiological and molecular level that affect the development and growth of the plant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is formed at high levels due to abiotic stress within different organelles, leading to cellular damage. Plants have evolved mechanisms to control the production and scavenging of ROS through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative processes. However, ROS has a dual function in abiotic stresses where, at high levels, they are toxic to cells while the same molecule can function as a signal transducer that activates a local and systemic plant defense response against stress. The effects, perception, signaling, and activation of ROS and their antioxidative responses are elaborated in this review. This review aims to provide a purview of processes involved in ROS homeostasis in plants and to identify genes that are triggered in response to abiotic-induced oxidative stress. This review articulates the importance of these genes and pathways in understanding the mechanism of resistance in plants and the importance of this information in breeding and genetically developing crops for resistance against abiotic stress in plants.
Highlights
Abiotic stresses affect plant morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy through processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development, where prolonged stress induces death [1,2,3]
This review provides an overview of the status of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in plants and how the plant system achieves ROS homeostasis
Abiotic stresses hamper growth and development, which eventually results in low yields and productivity
Summary
Abiotic stresses affect plant morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy through processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development, where prolonged stress induces death [1,2,3]. Plants have evolved physiological and metabolic mechanisms that may be instrumental in alleviating environmental stresses such as drought, cold, salinity, metal toxicity, and submergence These processes are regulated through the activation of gene networks or pathways that result in either enhanced tolerance or resistance [3,4,5]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxides (POX) are among the enzymatic antioxidant systems that regulate the homeostasis of ROS within organisms [21] These enzymes are involved in the reduction process of O2− to H2O2 [22]. This review provides a list of genes involved in ROS regulation in abiotic stress This information is important for us to identify pathways and genes that regulate oxidative stress in plants and to determine key targets for use in the breeding and genetic engineering of crops
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