Abstract
Salinity is an issue impairing crop production across the globe. Under salinity stress, besides the osmotic stress and Na+ toxicity, ROS (reactive oxygen species) overaccumulation is a secondary stress which further impairs plant performance. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, the apoplast, and peroxisomes are the main ROS generation sites in salt-stressed plants. In this review, we summarize ROS generation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in salt-stressed plants, and the potential for plant biotechnology to maintain ROS homeostasis. Overall, this review summarizes the current understanding of ROS homeostasis of salt-stressed plants and highlights potential applications of plant nanobiotechnology to enhance plant tolerance to stresses.
Highlights
According to the Food and Agriculture organization (FAO) report, billions of people are still facing food shortages [1]
OH, and 1 O2, which are mainly generated from chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the cell apoplast [3,4]
Compared with the ROS generated in mitochondria under light conditions, the level of ROS produced by chloroplasts is ten times higher [5]
Summary
According to the Food and Agriculture organization (FAO) report, billions of people are still facing food shortages [1]. ROS induces crosslinks, base modification or deletion, and distorts genomic stability [14,15] In this case, plants have a set of antioxidant mechanisms, including enzymatic [16] and non-enzymatic [17] systems to protect cells from the toxicity of reactive oxygen species. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3552 and compatible solutes is high New approaches such as using plant nanobiotechnology to modulate ROS homeostasis to improve plant salt tolerance could be an alternative way. Cerium oxide nanoparticles with ROS scavenging ability enabled plant tolerance to salinity [22], high light [23], temperature stress [23], and drought [24]. Some nanomaterials could modulate the gene expression level of antioxidant enzymes to maintain plant ROS homeostasis under stresses such as salinity. A plant nanobiotechnology approach for modulating stress tolerance under hostile environments such as salinity is discussed in this review
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