ROR1 and ROR2—novel targets for neuroblastoma

Abstract

Background: Despite advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for neuroblastoma (NBL), relapse remains a significant cause of mortality for high risk patients. The discovery of novel tumor associated antigens to improve efficacy and minimize the toxicities of immunotherapy is therefore warranted. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptor-1 and 2 (ROR1 and ROR2) have been found to be expressed in several malignancies with limited expression in healthy tissues.Objectives: Given their role in tumor migration and proliferation and the fact that they were originally cloned from a NBL cell line, we hypothesized that ROR1 and ROR2 could serve as potential targets for anti-ROR1 and anti-ROR2 based immunotherapies in NBL.Methods: We characterized the mRNA and protein expression of ROR1 and ROR2 in NBL cell lines and tissue microarrays of patient samples. To explore the potential of ROR1 targeting, we performed in vitro cytotoxicity assays against NBL using NK92 cells as effector cells.Results: Both ROR1 and ROR2 are expressed across all stages of NBL. In patients with non-MYC amplified tumors, expression of ROR1/ROR2 correlated with survival and prognosis. Moreover, in a proof-of-concept experiment, pretreatment of NBL cell line with anti-ROR1 antibody showed additive cytotoxicity with NK92 cells.Conclusions: ROR1 and ROR2 could serve as novel targets for immunotherapy in NBL. The additive effect of anti-ROR1 antibodies with NK cells needs to be explored further to evaluate the possibility of combining anti-ROR1 antibodies with immune effectors such as NK92 cells as a potential off-the shelf immunotherapy for NBL and other ROR1 expressing malignancies.