Root tolerance and biochemical response of Chinese lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genotypes to cadmium stress

Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda,Yue Wu,Jianming Xie,Linli Hu,Jihua Yu,Alejandro Calderón-Urrea,Weibiao Liao,Xin Jin

doi:10.7717/peerj.7530

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the root tolerance and biochemical responses of four Chinese Lactuca sativa L. genotypes (Lüsu, Lümeng, Yidali and Anyan) to cadmium (Cd2+) stress. Twenty-eight days old seedlings were exposed to Hoagland’s nutrient solution supplied with or without 100 µM CdCl2 and monitored for seven days in a climate controlled room. The 100 µM CdCl2 significantly (P < 0.001) decreased all the root morphological indexes of the four genotypes. However, Yidali, which possessed the smallest root system, exhibited greater root tolerance to Cd2+ by having the highest tolerance indexes for root volume (46%), surface area (61%), projected area (74%) and numbers of root forks (63%) and root tips (58%). Moreover, Cd2+ stress also caused increases in H2O2 contents in the roots but the increase was least in Yidali which showed greater root tolerance to Cd2+stress. The effect of Cd2+ stress on the contents of hormones in the roots depended on the genotypes. Under Cd2+ stress, abscisic acid correlated positively with indole-3-acetic acid (r = 0.669*), gibberellic acid (r = 0.630*) and cytokinin (r = 0.785**). The antioxidant enzyme activities and proline responses of the four genotypes to Cd2+ stress were similar. The SOD activity was decreased whiles the CAT and POD activities, as well as the contents of proline increased in all the genotypes under the stress condition. These results suggest that lettuce genotypes with smaller root systems could be more tolerant to Cd2+ stress compared to those with larger root systems.

Highlights

Heavy metals are a major cause of abiotic stress in plants and their accumulation in human and animal tissues leads to serious health problems (Singh et al, in press)
Cd2+ toxicity increases the accumulation of H2O2, superoxide anion and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in lettuce (Wang et al, 2019) and in Arabidopsis thaliana (Song et al, 2017)
The results of our experiment showed that there was significant (P < 0.001) genotype × Cd2+ interaction effect on total root length (TRL), root volume (RV), root surface area (RSA), root projected area (RPA), number of root forks (NRF) and number of root tips (NRT) of the lettuce genotypes (Fig. 1)

Summary

Introduction

Heavy metals are a major cause of abiotic stress in plants and their accumulation in human and animal tissues leads to serious health problems (Singh et al, in press). The oxidative stress caused by heavy metals including cadmium (Cd2+) results in membrane damage and decreases photosynthesis (Su et al, 2017; Kaur et al, 2017). Root tolerance and biochemical response of Chinese lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genotypes to cadmium stress. Cd2+ toxicity increases the accumulation of H2O2, superoxide anion and TBARS in lettuce (Wang et al, 2019) and in Arabidopsis thaliana (Song et al, 2017). The root length of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants exposed to Cd2+ decreased by 89% (Bautista, Fischer & Cárdenas, 2013). In A. thaliana, Cd2+ stress decreased root length but doubled the diameter of the lateral roots (Vitti et al, 2013). In view of the variations in the response of plants root systems to Cd2+ stress, Lu et al (2013) indicated that the response of plants root systems to Cd2+ stress can be used in assessing their tolerance to Cd2+ stress

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