Abstract
Halophytes are capable of resisting salinity, and their root system is the part in direct contact with the saline soil environment. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of root morphology and rhizosphere characteristics to salinity between a halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet). The soil salt content was set to four levels (0.7, 1.2, 1.7, and 2.7%) by NaCl-treated plants. We investigated the soil pH, EC, nutrients and soil, plant ion (Na+, Cl−, K+, and Mg2+) concentration to evaluate the rhizospheric processes, and salt tolerance of suaeda by the root mat method. The highest biomass was in the 1.2% salt level for suaeda and in the 0.7% salt level for sugar beet. The root length and root surface area of suaeda showed similar trends to biomass, but the root diameter decreased by 11.5–17.9% with higher salinity. The Na+, Cl−, and K+ accumulations in the shoot of suaeda displayed higher than that in sugar beet, while the Mg2+ accumulation was lower in suaeda than that in sugar beet. High salinity resulted in increased pH and EC values in the rhizosphere for suaeda, but lower values of these parameters for sugar beet. Under high salinity, the Olsen phosphorus content was 0.50 g·kg−1 and 0.99 g·kg−1 higher in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere for suaeda and sugar beet. We concluded that the two species [halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, B. vulgaris L. (sugar beet)] showed diverse approaches for nutrient absorption under salinity stress. Suaeda altered its root morphology (smaller root diameter and longer roots) under salt stress to increase the root surface area, while sugar beet activated rhizospheric processes to take up more nutrients.
Highlights
Halophytes are plants that can complete their entire life history on highly saline soils
The root biomass and shoot biomass of sugar beet decreased as the salt content in soil increased (Figure 1B–d,e), while the highest biomass of suaeda was in the 1.2% salt level (Figure 1B–a,b)
Moderate salinity positively affected the biomass of suaeda, but negatively affected that of sugar beet
Summary
Halophytes are plants that can complete their entire life history on highly saline soils. These plants have a series of adaptive strategies that have arisen during their coordinated evolution with the environment (Flowers, 2004; Shabala et al, 2014; Chaudhary et al, 2018; Qiao et al, 2018). Despite the large researches conducted on halophytes and focused on the above-ground tissue (Song et al, 2009; Belkheiri and Mulas, 2013; Ma et al, 2019), the comprehension of the plant survival strategy under salinity still remains inadequate, especially in terms of the responses of root morphology and rhizosphere characteristics to high salinity
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