Root-Knot Nematode Species Associated with Horticultural Crops in the Island of Azores, Portugal

Leidy Rusinque,Laura Cordeiro,Maria Lurdes Inácio,Filomena Nóbrega,Arlindo Lima,Samuel Andrade

doi:10.3390/horticulturae8020101

Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are an economically important group of plant pests present throughout the world. In particular, root-knot nematodes (RKN), sedentary endoparasites of a wide variety of economically important hosts with the ability to survive in temperate regions. During 2020–2021 an extensive survey of Meloidogyne spp. was undertaken on the island of São Miguel Azores, Portugal. A total of 80 samples comprising 23 species of plants were collected from 13 localities in 4 districts of the island. Samples included field and greenhouse vegetable crops. Bioassays were carried out to obtain females and juveniles for morphological and biochemical characterization of the isolates. The observed morphological features showed high similarity and consistency with previous descriptions of the genus. Concerning the biochemical characterization, the esterase (EST) phenotype displayed the patterns described for M. incognita, M. arenaria, and M. javanica. Meloidogyne incognita was found to be the most prevalent species with respect to both natural host range and geographical distribution, followed by M. arenaria and M. javanica. This is the first field survey that assesses the species of root-knot nematodes associated with horticultural crops in the Azores Island, contributing additional information on the distribution of this genus.

Highlights

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors and a significant component of the island of Azores, responsible for 46% of the regional economy [1]
Meloidogyne spp. have an extensive host range that includes nearly every horticultural, fruit and ornamental crop comprising more than 100 species [2]
Bioassays were performed to obtain material for biochemical identification when second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne were detected in the soil suspensions

Summary

Introduction

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors and a significant component of the island of Azores, responsible for 46% of the regional economy [1]. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) represent a significant constrain to agricultural production, as they cause serious losses in quantity and quality worldwide. Among the PPN, root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are one of the oldest known plant parasitic nematodes and most devastating pests of economically important crops [4]. Meloidogyne spp. have an extensive host range that includes nearly every horticultural, fruit and ornamental crop comprising more than 100 species [2]. The species M. arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949, M. hapla Chitwood, 1949, M. incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949, and M. javanica (Trub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 are regarded as the most important, due to their worldwide distribution and polyphagia [5,6].

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