Abstract
Data on the anatomical variability of the phalanges and fingers of the hand are needed to expand biometric databases in robotics, prosthetics, and forensic medicine. The aim of the study was to study the X-ray morphometric variability of the length of individual phalanges of the fingers of the hand, their relationship with the length of the fingers. By the method of morphometry, the lengths of individual phalanges and fingers of the hands were determined on 100 certified radiographs of the hands of persons of the second mature age (50 men and 50 women), and a correlation was established between the length of the phalanges and fingers. To identify the statistical relationship between quantitative characteristics, the parametric Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The relationship between quantitative indicators was assessed using multiple regression analysis. Classification and grouping were carried out using cluster analysis by the complete connection method, the Euclidean distance served as a measure of the relationship. The variability in the length of the phalanges and fingers increases towards the ulnar edge. The X-ray morphometric length of individual phalanges and fingers is characterized, regardless of gender, by regular formulas of variability: the length of the proximal phalanges is III>IV>II>V>I, the length of the middle phalanges is III>IV>II>V, the length of the distal phalanges is I>IV> III>II>V, finger length - III>IV>II>V>I. The degree of dependence of the length of the fingers on the length of the phalanges in both men and women decreases in the distal direction in the longitudinal axis and the ulnar edge in the transverse axis of the hand. As a result of cluster analysis, the organization of the objects of study was established depending on the degree of correlations of their length: groups of proximal phalanges of II-IV and I, V fingers, groups of middle phalanges of III-IV and II-V fingers, distal phalanges and fingers are organized somewhat more complexly - groups III -IV, II, V fingers and group I fingers. The data obtained can be used in the development of innovative anatomically grounded anthropomorphic robotic manipulators, in anthropological reconstructions, and in identification in forensic practice.
Highlights
By the method of morphometry, the lengths of individual phalanges and fingers of the hands were determined on 100 certified radiographs of the hands of persons of the second mature age (50 men and 50 women), and a correlation was established between the length of the phalanges and fingers
Classification and grouping were carried out using cluster analysis by the complete connection method, the Euclidean distance served as a measure of the relationship
The variability in the length of the phalanges and fingers increases towards the ulnar edge
Summary
Скелет пальцев среди других звеньев скелета кисти человека занимает особое положение, обусловленное адаптивным характером трансформации в процессе филогенетических преобразований [1,2,3]. В отличии от большинства млекопитающих у человека, также, как и у приматов в хватательных движениях верхних конечностей главная роль принадлежит пальцам кисти [6]. Метамеризованный скелет кисти характеризуется возрастающим в дистальном направлении количеством костных элементов придавая структурнофункциональную завершенность верхним конечностям [7]. Визуальному восприятию кисти как высокоорганизованной части тела человека, с ее билатеральной симметрией, пятилучевой и полисегментарной архитектурой, способствуют определенные пропорции отдельных ее элементов [8]. С биомеханической точки зрения скелет кисти человека организован как структура с оптимальной полисегментарной рычаговой конструкцией, в основе которой лежат принципы устойчивости механизма захвата [9,10]. Функциональная приоритетность кистей определяет видовые пропорциональности фаланг пальцев, которые подчинены закону равенства суммы линейных размеров между сопряженными по функции звеньями [11,12,13]
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