Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are an essential cell type because of their role in tissue support, their multilineage differentiation capacities and their potential clinical applications. They play a crucial role during lung development by interacting with airway epithelium, and also during lung regeneration and remodeling after injury. However, much less is known about their function in lung disease. In this review, we discuss the origins of mesenchymal cells during lung development, their crosstalk with the epithelium, and their role in lung diseases, particularly in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Highlights
Mesenchymal cells are an essential cell type because of their role in tissue support, their multilineage differentiation capacities and their potential clinical applications
The part of this review will focus on some of the most relevant factors implicated in the epithelium–mesenchyme interactions during lung development
FGF9 plays a critical role in lung development, as indicated by the finding that Fgf9−/− mice die at the neonatal stage due to lung hypoplasia caused by very reduced mesenchymal cell expansion [58]
Summary
At the bilaminar disc stage in the second week of human development, gastrulation the the bilaminar discofstage in the second week human development, gastrulation startsAt with formation the primitive streak [30].ofCells forming the epiblast undergo starts with the formation of the primitive streak [30]. Primitive streak formation leads to an ingression movement of epiblastic cells that elongate epiblast and hypoblast layers. Primitive streak formation leads to an ingression movement of epiblastic cells that elongate and detach from each other via a critical epithelial–mesenchymal transition [31]. This results in the formation of the three and detach from each other via a critical epithelial–mesenchymal transition [31]. Bifurcation and splitting of thetolung formation of larynx and trachea in its proximal part, and lung buds in the distal part. Some cytokines, such as bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), are secreted by both epithelial and mesenchymal cells
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