Abstract
Diabetes is a highly prevalent metabolic disease that has emerged as a global challenge due to its increasing prevalence and lack of sustainable treatment. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is one of the most frequent and severe microvascular complications of diabetes, is difficult to treat with contemporary glucose-lowering medications. The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health and disease, and its metabolites have both beneficial and harmful effects on vital physiological processes. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the role of gut microbial metabolites in the development and progression of DKD, which will help us better understand the possible mechanisms of DKD and explore potential therapeutic approaches for DKD.
Highlights
With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, changes in lifestyle, and environmental factors, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM), which is a metabolic disorder, has been increasing year by year
According to data released by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), about 463 million people worldwide were living with DM in 2019
We offer a summary of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-Noxide (TMAO), bile acids (BAs), polyphenols, tryptophan-derived metabolites, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and other metabolites that play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD)
Summary
With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, changes in lifestyle, and environmental factors, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM), which is a metabolic disorder, has been increasing year by year. Metabolomic studies have found that the microbial metabolite profile is altered in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) [14] and DKD [15]. SCFAs, especially acetate and butyrate, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation in mouse glomerular mesangial cells that have been induced by high glucose and lipopolysaccharides [26].
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