Abstract
The Warburg effect plays an important role in the proliferation and invasion of malignant tumors. Glucose transporter 1 and hexokinase II are two key energy transporters involved in mediating the Warburg effect. This review will analyze the mechanisms of these two markers in their effects on the biological behavior of head and neck cancer.
Highlights
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process [1], in which abnormal glucose metabolism may play an important role [2, 3]
We investigated the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), and proteins of the PI3K/Akt pathway in 24 tissue samples from patients with laryngeal carcinoma who received PET/computed tomography (CT) preoperatively [70]
We suggest that the differential findings regarding the relationship between glucose transporters (GLUTs)-1 expression and prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma may be attributed to differences in histopathological type, IHC technique, tumor stage, and sample number, among studies
Summary
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process [1], in which abnormal glucose metabolism may play an important role [2, 3]. One study showed that GLUT-1 expression is related to Ki-67 expression, a marker of cell proliferation, which is closely related to tumor differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and prognosis [22]. The authors suggested the following potential underlying mechanisms: i) overexpression of GLUT-1 leads to a higher glucose supply for malignant salivary tumors to accelerate and progress, ii) hypoxia within malignant salivary tumors are highly invasive, causing metastasis and a poor prognosis, and iii) hypoxia results in resistance to chemo-radiotherapy [60].
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