Abstract
Gangliosides have been suggested to play important roles in various functions such as adhesion, cell differentiation, growth control, and signaling. Mouse follicular development, ovulation, and luteinization during the estrous cycle are regulated by several hormones and cell-cell interactions. In addition, spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules of adult testes is also regulated by several hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and cell-cell interactions. The regulation of these processes by hormones and cell-cell interactions provides evidence for the importance of surface membrane components, including gangliosides. During preimplantation embryo development, a mammalian embryo undergoes a series of cleavage divisions whereby a zygote is converted into a blastocyst that is sufficiently competent to be implanted in the ma ternal uterus and continue its development. Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from mouse embryo, specifically, from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. Differentiated neuronal cells are derived from mES cells through the formation of embryonic bodies (EBs). EBs recapitulate many aspects of lineage-specific differentiation and temporal and spatial gene expression patterns during early embryogenesis. Previous studies on ganglioside expression during mouse embryonic development (including during in vitro fertilization, ovulation, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis) reported that gangliosides were expressed in both undifferentiated and differentiated (or differentiating) mES cells. In this review, we summarize some of the advances in our understanding of the functional roles of gangliosides during the stages of mouse embryonic development, including ovulation, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis, focusing on undifferentiated and differentiated mES cells (neuronal cells).
Highlights
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) can be subdivided into neutral GSLs and acidic GSLs
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of mammalian embryos and are defined as undifferentiated cells endowed with a high potential for proliferation and the capacity to differentiate into progeny through self-renewal with the retention of pluripotency or multipotency (Smith, 2001)
There is no doubt that gangliosides are worthy of further study in both embryonic development and for the clinical application of Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells
Summary
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) can be subdivided into neutral GSLs and acidic GSLs. Acidic GSLs containing sialic acid residue(s) in their carbohydrate moiety are referred to as gangliosides. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of mammalian embryos and are defined as undifferentiated cells endowed with a high potential for proliferation and the capacity to differentiate into progeny through self-renewal with the retention of pluripotency or multipotency (Smith, 2001) This self-renewal capacity is regulated by a set of transcription factors including Oct, Nanog, and Sox (Niwa, 2007). ES cells are important biologically and clinically These cells can act as reservoirs for the formation of tissues and organs during development and for the replacement of cells lost during normal cell turnover that occurs in adulthood. Hottori & Horiuch, 1992 Choo et al, 1995, 1999 Kim et al, 2006 Kwak et al, 2003 Choo et al, 1995, 1999 Kim et al, 2006 Kwak et al, 2003 Choo et al, 1995, 1999 Kim et al, 2006 Kwak et al, 2003
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