Roles of a periodic time varying deceleration parameter in particle creation with (d+2) dimensional FLRW Universe

Abstract

In the present paper, we investigate the cosmic behavior of particle creation (PC) in (d+2) dimensional FLRW (Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker) models with time dependent gravitational constant and cosmological constant. The gravitational field equations are solved by assuming a periodically time-varying deceleration parameter (PTVDP) i.e. q=mcoskt−1 (Shen and Zhao, 2014) which produces a scale factor a(t)=a0tankt21m, where a0 shows current scale factor and k displays the PTVDP periodicity and can be regarded as a parameter of cosmic frequency, m is an enhancement element that increases the PTVDP peak. Here, we studied the periodic time-varying behavior of a few quantities, such as the deceleration parameter q, the energy density ρ, the entropy S, PC rate ψ, the cosmological constant Λ, Newton’s gravitational constant G and discuss their physical significance. We have also discussed the density parameter, proper distance, angular distance, luminosity distance, apparent magnitude, age of the Universe, and the look-back time with redshift z and have observed the role of particle formation in universe evolution in early and late times. The periodic nature of various physical parameters is also discussed which are supporting the recent observations.