Abstract
Exosome is a nanoscale vesicle with a size range of 30–100 nm. It is secreted from cell to extracellular space by exocytosis after fusion of multivesicular body (MVB) (formed by endocytic vesicles) with plasma membrane. Exosome plays several important roles in cellular homeostasis and intercellular communications. During the last two decades, exosome has acquired a wide attention to explore its additional roles in various aspects of cell biology and function in several organ systems. For the kidney, several lines of evidence have demonstrated 1that exosome is involved in the renal physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of various kidney diseases/disorders. This article summarizes roles of the exosome as the potential source of biomarkers, pathogenic molecules, and therapeutic biologics that have been extensively investigated in many kidney diseases/disorders, including lupus nephritis (LN), other glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), as well as in the process of renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, in addition to polycystic kidney disease (PKD), kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Moreover, the most recent evidence has shown its emerging role in kidney stone disease (or nephrolithiasis), involving inflammasome activation and inflammatory cascade frequently found in kidney stone pathogenesis.
Highlights
Exosome is a nanoscale extracellular vesicle with a size range of approximately 30–100 nm and spherical shape surrounded by lipid bilayers (Huotari and Helenius, 2011; Raimondo et al, 2011)
Exosome is originated from small intraluminal vesicle inside multivesicular body (MVB) that is subsequently fused with cellular plasma membrane to Exosome and Kidney Diseases expel such nano-sized vesicle to the extracellular space (Hessvik and Llorente, 2018)
This review summarizes the current knowledge of roles for exosome in pathogenic mechanisms, biomarker discovery and therapeutics of various kidney diseases/disorders, lupus nephritis (LN), other glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), as well as in the process of renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, in addition to polycystic kidney disease (PKD), kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (Table 1)
Summary
Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Reviewed by: Rahul Sharma, University of Virginia, United States Giuseppe Remuzzi, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Italy. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated 1that exosome is involved in the renal physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of various kidney diseases/disorders. This article summarizes roles of the exosome as the potential source of biomarkers, pathogenic molecules, and therapeutic biologics that have been extensively investigated in many kidney diseases/disorders, including lupus nephritis (LN), other glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), as well as in the process of renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, in addition to polycystic kidney disease (PKD), kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The most recent evidence has shown its emerging role in kidney stone disease (or nephrolithiasis), involving inflammasome activation and inflammatory cascade frequently found in kidney stone pathogenesis
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