Abstract
Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are closely related to a variety of biological and functional aspects of human health. When the exosomal ncRNAs undergo tissue-specific changes due to diverse internal or external disorders, they can cause tissue dysfunction, aging, and diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in human diseases. In addition, we explore the current knowledge on the roles of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in human health and diseases, including cancers, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, to determine their potential implication in biomarker identification and therapeutic exploration.
Highlights
Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) ~30–150 nm in diameter.[1,2] Exosomes were first reported in sheep reticulocytes in1983
Li et al demonstrated that miR-223 inhibited TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells (ECs) inflammation by decreasing the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1.435 These findings indicate that exosomal miR-223 may play a protective role in AS through inhibiting the vascular inflammatory response
It has been demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated exosomes deliver RUNX1 overlapping RNA (RUNXOR) and RUNX1 to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and promote the function of differentiation and suppressive functions of MDSCs through regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. These results indicate that RUNXOR and RUNX1 may become a promising target for immunomodulation with antiviral treatment during HCV infection
Summary
Chen Li1,2, Yu-Qing Ni1,2, Hui Xu1,2, Qun-Yan Xiang[1,2], Yan Zhao[1,2], Jun-Kun Zhan[1,2], Jie-Yu He1,2, Shuang Li1,2 and You-Shuo Liu 1,2 ✉. Wang et al reported that level of exosomal has-circ-0074854 is downregulated in HCC patients and plays a role in inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion by repressing M2 macrophage polarization.[245]. Highmetastatic CRC-derived exosomal miR-106b-3p induces tumor cell migration, invasion, EMT, and lung metastasis by targeting deleted in liver cancer-1 (DLC-1).[255]. Exosomal ncRNAs are involved in pathological cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and EMT associated with diverse cancers. Another study shows that exosomal miR-29 induces recruitment and activation of monocytes and macrophages as well as consequent inflammation in HFD mice This promotes progression of diabetes by decreasing tumor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3).[42].
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