Abstract
Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn. (Acoraceae)) is a traditional Indian medicinal herb, which is practiced to treat a wide range of health ailments, including neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic, kidney, and liver disorders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive up-to-date report on its ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, and pharmacotherapeutic potential, while identifying potential areas for further research. To date, 145 constituents have been isolated from this herb and identified, including phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpenoids, and monoterpenes. Compelling evidence is suggestive of the biopotential of its various extracts and active constituents in several metabolic and neurological disorders, such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-obesity effects. The present extensive literature survey is expected to provide insights into the involvement of several signaling pathways and oxidative mechanisms that can mitigate oxidative stress, and other indirect mechanisms modulated by active biomolecules of A. calamus to improve neurological and metabolic disorders.
Highlights
An estimated 450 million people are suffering from mental disorders and about 425 million are known diabetics [1,2]
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The present review provides a plethora of information apropos ethnomedicinal uses, marketed formulations, geographical distribution, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities of crude, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolic, ethanolic, hydro-alcoholic, aqueous extracts along with pure compounds, and clinical trials related to A. calamus
Summary
An estimated 450 million people are suffering from mental disorders and about 425 million are known diabetics [1,2]. In 2016, 650 million adults were obese and about 23.6 million people were estimated to die of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by the year 2030 [3]. Improper diet (high calorie intake), lifestyle (e.g., smoking, chronic alcohol consumption, sedentary habits), and/or low level of nitrosamines (through processed food, tobacco smoke, and nitrate-containing fertilizers) affect the liver and can further lead to fatty liver disease [4,5]. In this condition, fatty changes may be due to increased production or decreased use of fatty. Isnwsuhliinchreesinsttearnctehealscoirpcurolamtiootnesatnhedrcerleoasssetohfecebrlaomodid–ebsraainndboathrreiretrolxeiacdliipnigdstowhbircahinenitnesrutlhine criersciustlaatniocen, ainndflacmromssatthoeryblcohoadn–gbersa,inanbdarrfuierrthleeardpinrgogtorebsrsaioinn itnosunleinurroesdiesgtaennceer,aitnioflnamamndatnoeryurcohlaonggiceasl, adnisdofrudretrhse(rFpigrougrree1ss)i[o7n].to neurodegeneration and neurological disorders (Figure 1) [7]
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