Role of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Derived Exosomes in Diseases

Abstract

Stem cells are divided into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most important adult stem cells. These cells possess characteristic plastic adhesion properties, the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes in vitro, are positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105, major histocompatibility complex class II, and negative for CD11b, CD14, CD31, CD34 and CD45. MSCS can be isolated from different sources, such as umbilical cord, umbilical cord blood, bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, cervical tissue, placenta, skeletal muscle tissue, liver tissue, dental pulp, synovium, saphenous vein, lung and dermal tissue and periodontal ligament. They have many abilities, such as the ability to differentiate, expand in vitro, produce nutrients and regulate immunity. Therefore, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can help in tissue repair and treatment, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the liver, lung, kidney, nervous system, and other systems, and of course, bone. As a noninvasive method, there is no ethical issues, low immunogenicity, self-renewal ability faster, more stable, doubling time proliferation ability is higher, compared with other sources, the treatment of human umbilical cord MSC is based on cells and regenerative medicine preferred candidates. However, hucMscs have relative limitations in maintaining biological activity, quantifying bioactive substances, and clinical therapeutic logistics. Therefore, it seems necessary to find a cell-free method with the same output and efficacy. Exosomes are one of the members of extracellular vesicles, and due to their many biological activities and cell communication, they have attracted the attention of researchers as a new strategy for cell-based cell-free therapies. In the study of HUCMSCexo, all the advantages of HUCMSC, such as the therapeutic factor transfer of low immunogenicity HUCMSC, the prominent self-renewal and immunomodulatory properties have been reported to be conserved. In addition, no tumorigenic outcome was found in these studies. Therefore, this article reviews the application of HUCMSC-EXO in different diseases.