Abstract
AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most studied conductive polymers, holding great potential in many applications such as thermoelectric generators, solar cells, and memristors. Great efforts have been invested in trying to improve its mechanical and electrical properties and to elucidate the structure–property relationship. In this work, a systematic and quantitative study of the effect of solvent polarity and solution processing on the film structure and conductivity is presented. By using grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) together with atomic force microscopy (AFM), the importance of the quality of the PEDOT crystal packing is highlighted as a key factor to reach improved electrical conductivity, rather than the overall degree of crystallinity. Moreover, the (re)structuring mechanisms occurring during the film formation and film exposure processes are also studied by in situ GIWAXS. Different intermediate precursor stages and different pathways to reach improved crystallinity are reported depending on the used solvent. The structural results are interpreted looking at the solvent nature and the PSS/solvent affinity. With this contribution, a guidance is hoped to be given not only on how to improve the PEDOT:PSS electrical conductivity, but also on how to tune the film structural or electrical property for different applications.
Highlights
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes are primarily responsible for global warming by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Stocker et al, 2013)
The gross domestic product (GDP) data were adjusted by a purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor, defined as the number of local currency units required to buy the same amounts of goods and services in the local market that a US dollar would buy in the United States in the reference year 2010 (Wang et al, 2019)
The standard deviations (SDs) of the inventories based on provincial statistics were generally less (26 Mt CO2) than those based on national statistics (65 Mt CO2) in 2012
Summary
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes are primarily responsible for global warming by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Stocker et al, 2013). To interpret the differentiated contributions of regions to CO2 emissions, several researchers have focused on provincial-level carbon emissions in recent years (Bai et al, 2014; Du et al, 2017; Shan et al, 2016a) This analysis can improve the understanding of the spatial patterns of emissions and provide assistance in allocating different responsibilities and setting emission targets (Shao et al, 2018). Quantitative evaluation of emissions uncertainty caused by different energy statistics and different proxies at the subnational level is urgently needed, and the evaluation of provincial emissions will provide data that are needed for local reductions and mitigations. We discuss the root causes (activity data at provincial and national levels, coal emission factor and spatial proxies) that contribute to the differences and implications for inventory use and improvement (Sections 4.1 - 4.4)
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