Abstract
The intracellular Nod-like receptor Nlrp3 has emerged as the most versatile innate immune receptor because of its broad specificity in mediating immune response to a wide range of microbial or danger signals. Nlrp3 mediates assembly of the inflammasome complex in the presence of microbial components leading to the activation of caspase-1 and the processing and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In this review, we give an update on the recent literature examining the role of Nlrp3 inflammasome in response to fungal, bacterial, and viral infections.
Highlights
The innate immune system depends on germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for the detection of various microbial components
PRRs belong to different classes of receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are localized at the cell surface or in endosomes and the cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), Nodlike receptors (NLRs), and the recently identified HIN-200 family members (Palsson-McDermott and O’Neill, 2007; Hornung and Latz, 2010; Unterholzner et al, 2010)
Unlike previous studies, which had focused on the SPI-1-dependent mechanism of caspase-1 activation that occurs rapidly and activates Nlrc4, this study focused on Salmonella SPI-2 dependent mechanisms that activate the Nlrp3 inflammasome
Summary
The innate immune system depends on germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for the detection of various microbial components. Upon perceiving a microbial or danger stimuli, these receptors activate downstream signaling events leading to generation of the appropriate immune response (Creagh and O’Neill, 2006). Inflammasomes are molecular platforms that assemble by hetero-oligomerization of a nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain, LRR containing receptor (NLR), an adaptor protein ASC and pro-caspase-1, and triggers caspase-1 activation and downstream maturation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 (Kanneganti et al, 2006a, 2007; Lamkanfi and Kanneganti, 2010). Many studies have uncovered the crucial role of the Nlrp inflammasome in different microbial infections. The purpose of this review is to give an update on the recent literature highlighting the role of Nlrp inflammasome during host responses to various pathogens
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