Abstract
Insects are the largest group of animals. They are capable of surviving in virtually all environments from arid deserts to the freezing permafrost of polar regions. This success is due to their great capacity to tolerate a range of environmental stresses, such as low temperature. Cold/freezing stress affects many physiological processes in insects, causing changes in main metabolic pathways, cellular dehydration, loss of neuromuscular function, and imbalance in water and ion homeostasis. The neuroendocrine system and its related signaling mediators, such as neuropeptides and biogenic amines, play central roles in the regulation of the various physiological and behavioral processes of insects and hence can also potentially impact thermal tolerance. In response to cold stress, various chemical signals are released either via direct intercellular contact or systemically. These are signals which regulate osmoregulation – capability peptides (CAPA), inotocin (ITC)-like peptides, ion transport peptide (ITP), diuretic hormones and calcitonin (CAL), substances related to the general response to various stress factors – tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs) or peptides responsible for the mobilization of body reserves. All these processes are potentially important in cold tolerance mechanisms. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the involvement of the neuroendocrine system in the cold stress response and the possible contributions of various signaling molecules in this process.
Highlights
Insects are the largest group within the arthropod phylum
Cold and freezing stress affects a large number of physiological processes (Teets and Denlinger, 2013), causing mechanical damage to cells or their DNA (Lubawy et al, 2019), changes in main metabolic pathways (Chowanski et al, 2015, 2017b) or cellular dehydration, which results in increased acidity, toxic metabolic intermediate concentrations and osmotic stress (Storey and Storey, 2012; Pegg, 2015; Des Marteaux and Sinclair, 2016; Andersen et al, 2018)
We summarize the current knowledge about the neuroendocrine stress response to low temperature
Summary
Insects are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. They are capable of surviving in virtually every environment from the deserts of Africa through the grasslands of temperate zones to the freezing permafrosts of Arctic regions (Chown and Nicolson, 2004). Cold and freezing stress affects a large number of physiological processes (Teets and Denlinger, 2013), causing mechanical damage to cells or their DNA (Lubawy et al, 2019), changes in main metabolic pathways (Chowanski et al, 2015, 2017b) or cellular dehydration, which results in increased acidity, toxic metabolic intermediate concentrations and osmotic stress (Storey and Storey, 2012; Pegg, 2015; Des Marteaux and Sinclair, 2016; Andersen et al, 2018) In both of these strategies, cryoprotectants are necessary for survival. This paper summarizes the existing knowledge on the role of the neuroendocrine system in response to cold stress and research perspectives in this area
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