Role of the gonads in sex differentiation of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin neurons in the mouse hypothalamus during postnatal development

Abstract

We clarify the mechanism of sexual dimorphism of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and somatostatin (SS) neurons in periventricular nucleus (PeN), by studying the role of the gonads during the neonatal period and after puberty using immunohistochemical and morphometric methods. As in our previous works the numbers of ARC GHRH-ir and PeN SS-ir neurons were significantly greater in adult normal male (NM) mice than in adult normal female (NF) mice. Adult female mice that were ovariectomized neonatally (NOF) increased the expression of GHRH-ir neurons to the male pattern, but adult female mice ovariectomized after puberty (APO) did not change. Adult male mice castrated neonatally and after puberty (NCM and APC, respectively) were not significantly different from NM mice. However, NCT male mice, which were castrated neonatally and transplanted with ovary just before puberty, showed a significantly reduced number of GHRH-ir neurons compared with NCM mice, but no significant difference from NM and NF mice. On the other hand, the PeN SS-ir neuron expression in NCM mice and APC mice showed a significant reduction compared with NM mice, but no significant difference from NF mice. The number of PeN SS-ir neurons in NOF increased to match that of NM mice. Our results suggest that the presence of the ovary during postnatal life inhibits the development of ARC GHRH-ir neurons. The presence of the testis during postnatal life may stimulate the development of PeN SS-ir neurons, while the presence of the ovary during neonatal period may inhibit the development of PeN SS-ir neurons; the presence of ovary after puberty does not inhibit.