Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) occupies the space between cell and cell, and serves as a sort of intranet which connects the whole organism. Current research is focused on the ECM and, it is now possible to develop increasingly effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of degenerative diseases and even, cutaneous ageing. In fact, the most advanced anti-aging treatments are those that regenerate the ECM, which is now regarded as the main player in the physical support of, and exchange with and between cells of nutrients, cellular mediators and growth factors.
Highlights
Skin aging is a complex and unavoidable biological phenomenon that starts in the third decade of life[1]
Collagen atrophy is the main factor associated with menopause-related skin aging, which contributes to reduced skin elasticity[13]
About 300 matrisome proteins have been identified including: 43 types of collagen subunits in fibrillar and non-fibrillar form; 36 types of proteoglycans dispersed amongst collagen fibers to take up the interstitial space and maintain hydration; growth factors linked to glycosaminoglycans that are retained in the extracellular space to increase functionality; about 200 soluble proteins, which promote assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM) but are involved in cell-ECM interactions, and act as ligands with receptors; and enzymes such as lysil-oxidase, transglutaminase and hydroxylase[17]
Summary
Skin aging is a complex and unavoidable biological phenomenon that starts in the third decade of life[1]. Skin aging is a dynamic process that results in structural alterations of soft and bony tissues[3]. This post translational protein modification is associated with increased levels of glucose, affects protein structure and function through increased cross-linking, and results in the formation of “Amadori” and advanced glycation end products.
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